Hi my name is Sarah Dunning. I am a sophomore majoring in International Politics, Spanish, and International Studies. My minors are Arabic and Middle Eastern studies. I don't know how to upload a picture, but you can friend me on facebook.. I'm the one with the question mark face.

Outline2:

Sarah Dunning
Speech 2 Outline

I. Introduction
A. Broad: In my last oration regarding Margaret Sanger’s speech entitled, “The Morality of Birth Control,” I gave a brief overview of eugenics and its importance to Sanger’s plight for publically available forms of birth control.
B. Credibility: Since my first speech, I have been studying eugenics in relation to the early 20th century’s birth control movement in America, specifically through Ms. Sanger.
C. Preview/Topic Clear: To refresh your memories, eugenics, as according to its founder Francis Galton, is “the study of agencies under social control that may improve or impair the racial qualities of future generations either physically or mentally” (“Eugenics”). A more simplistic way to look at eugenics is to analyze its translation: PAUSE Eugenics literally means “well born.” Just to clear up any remaining questions about what eugenics really is, let’s look at some examples. PAUSE
Attention Getter: Do any social or political movements come to mind when you hear that eugenics tries to impair or improve future generations physically or mentally? Student 1: Nazi Germany (very good!) Student 2: Armenian Genocide (that is an excellent example! Anyone else?) Student 3: Birth control
Student 3’s name here: You bring up an excellent point!
Thesis/Transition: Some people do believe that Margaret Sanger invented birth control for eugenic purposes. Now, let us analyze Margaret Sanger’s intentions of eugenics through her speech addressing the “Morality of Birth Control” and see how she uses structure and ethos to less abrasively present her ideas of selective breeding.
II. Body I: quotes to develop positive ethos
A. Preview: Ms. Sanger used ethos to persuade her audience to see her as an open-minded, appreciative, and nationalistic person- all of which are highly regarded traits in society. These well thought out and deliberately manipulated qualities can be seen in the opening portion of her speech when she states, “We sent (such) a letter not only to those who, we thought, might agree with us, but we sent it also to our known opponents…. Everyone who answered did so with sincerity and courtesy, with the exception of one group whose reply…was a disgrace to liberty-loving people, and to all traditions we hold dear in the United States” (Sanger-American Rhetoric)
B. In analyzing her speech, it has become evident that Sanger has chosen to utilize her ethos through her development of a personal goodness or virtue and an appetizing appearance to the audience (Rhetoricae). In order to develop her ethos, Sanger chose to praise her opponents, lovingly entitling their responses as PAUSE sincere, PAUSE and PAUSE courteous. In typical life situations, we brand our opponents with unkind words, yet Sanger chooses to develop her ethos and outward appearance through the use of complimentary terminology.
C. Secondly, Sanger chooses to address the “liberty-loving people” and “traditions we hold dear in the United States.” This sly form of American pride is well received during a time of high nationalism in the first half of the twentieth century due to the World Wars.
D. As Cicero would argue, because Ms. Sanger opened her speech with positive outward attributes, she commanded the audience to evaluate her in a positive light for the duration of her speech. Establishing a positive appearance in the beginning of the speech is important because as our textbook states, “Judgments about a speaker’s character are made quickly…and…Listeners’ first impressions not only shape how they judge the speaker but also affect how they think about the speech and interpret what comes later.” (Zarefsky)
E. In a speech which will ultimately discuss how you want to rid the nation, better yet, the WORLD, of impoverished, diseased, or delinquent individuals, it is in your best interest to develop a positive relationship with your audience from the start, as Sanger has so eloquently done in her opening statements.
Transition: Sanger’s positive and cheerful attitude in the opening of her speech does not match the tone of her message when she later declares, “The third are those irresponsible and reckless ones having little regard for the consequence of their acts, or whose religious scruples prevent their exercising control PAUSE over their numbers. Many of this group are diseased, PAUSE feeble-minded, and PAUSE are of the pauper element dependent entirely upon the normal and fit members of society for their support. There is no doubt in the minds of all thinking people that the procreation of this group should-*--- be------ stopped (fist pound)” To analyze the change in Sanger’s tone, we should next analyze the structure of her speech, which allows her to begin in a positive light and end with a judgmental and elitist flare.
III. Body II: Structure to slyly present the dark side of Margaret Sanger
A. As I have previously discussed, Sanger uses a cheerful and light tone in the beginning of her speech in order to draw the audience in.
After developing a positive ethos, she carefully and slowly moves into a more judgmental state. This change is very minimal and understated, however, as Sanger declares, while discussing the rights of children, “…While the second right is that it should be conceived in love, and the third, that it should have a heritage of PAUSE sound PAUSE health.” Sanger’s use of the words “heritage of sound health” emphasizes her belief in a healthy family background and good breeding. She is slowly approaching her finality of eugenic ideals; however she is not yet pumping at full speed.
B. Sanger goes on to say, “We do not believe that filling the earth with misery, poverty, and disease is moral.” This excerpt, along with her rant on the “irresponsible and reckless ones” as quoted previously, display more accurately, Sanger’s beliefs regarding the lower classed citizens of America. It seems as though her “morality” in birth control does not include the impoverished or diseased.
C. Structurally, Sanger is very clever in beginning the speech in a light and friendly manner and then ending it with a lasting impression of the procreation of poor people as immoral.
Transition: Now that we have examined the mechanisms of Sanger’s speech and which devices she chose to utilize, allow me to regain your undivided attention with a brief poll. Please allow yourselves no more than 10 seconds to respond, as we are under time constraints. First, let me ask the ladies… which male specimen would you be most inclined to reproduce with? 1, 2, or 3. And now, the gentlemen…1 2 or 3? It appears as though you have all been drinking from the same cup as Margaret Sanger. In choosing to neglect to reproduce with impoverished, diseased, or socially inferior humans—you have abided by eugenic ideals, assuming you all have adequate enough genes to begin with. Just a little light humor… moving on…
IV. Analysis of message
A. It is hard for us, as modern day Americans… almost completely comfortable with birth control and contraceptives, to step back in time and enter an era of restrictions and censorship on the subject. That being said, it is easy for us, today, to see “the morality of birth control” and believe Sanger was giving a speech strictly on the inception of birth control and her plight for commonality among users. However, in my thorough research, I have chosen to reject that belief and focus on analyzing what I believe is Sanger’s true underlying message: eugenics and the domination of superior pedigrees.
B. In her book entitled Woman, Morality, and Birth Control, Sanger wrote, “Birth Control must ultimately lead to a cleaner race.” (Margaret Sanger Quotes) And, according to Claude Marx, a columnist for the New York Times, Sanger endorsed the idea of forced sterilization of inferiors, including the mentally disabled (Marx).
C. Furthermore, in Sanger’s Morality of Birth Control in particular, she claims there are 3 types of people in society, the first being, “Those intelligent and wealthy members of the upper classes who have obtained knowledge of Birth Control and exercise it in regulating the size of their families.”
The second group is of equal intelligence, yet do not have the necessary information available, and the third group is “diseased and feeble-minded.”
D. In analyzing the message content of Sanger’s speech, it has become quite evident that she believes in a clear distinction through a caste-like system of society and for selective breeding based on such. We have seen an example of this selective breeding through my PowerPoint activity as well. Margaret’s message is made very clear by the end of her speech, but did her ideas last?
V. Conclusion
A. According to the National Women’s Health Resource Center, over 27 million women in the United States are currently using birth control pills (Health Topics A-Z).
B. However, this is a large step from the inception of birth control when, only the intelligent and wealthy members of the highest class exercised the use of birth control. Although Sanger’s ideas on population control spread, her eugenic dreams did not.
C. Thankfully today birth control is available to most everyone in the United States, not only the rich, nor only the poor. Women in all walks of life are practicing birth control and although its initial purpose may have been in a eugenicist light, Americans have changed the face of birth control from Sanger’s declaration of , “stopping at its source the disease, poverty and feeble-mindedness and insanity which exist today.” To a time when 27 MILLION women are practicing planned parenthood.
D. In closely analyzing Margaret Sanger’s speech on the “Morality of Birth Control” and undressing her clever use of structure and ethos, her undeniable underlying message of eugenics is evident and understood. Thankfully, however, despite from a few stints in history, Margaret’s eugenics ideals did not stick and we are a nation of diversity, differences, and even disease despite her dearest desires. Thank you

Bibliography
• "Eugenics." Answer.Com. 2008. Answers Corporation. 2 Mar. 2008 http://www.answers.com/eugenics&r=67.
• "Health Topics a-Z." National Women's Health Resource Center. 13 Dec. 2005. NWHRC. 2 Mar. 2008 <http://www.healthywomen.org/healthtopics/birthcontrolpills/factstoknow)>.
• "Margaret Sanger "The Morality of Birth Control"" American Rhetoric. 2008. 1 Mar. 2008 http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/margaretsangermoralityofbirthcontrol.htm.
• "Margaret Sanger Quotes." EadsHome Ministries. 5 Feb. 2007. EadsHome Ministries. 2 Mar. 2008 <http://www.eadshome.com/MargaretSanger.htm>.
• Marx, Claude. "The Shameful History of Eugenics in America." The New York Times 16 Apr. 2006. LexisNexis Academic. Penn State Library, State College, Pa. 2 Mar. 2008.
• Rhetoricae, Silva. "Ethos." Brigham Young University. 1 Mar. 2008 http://rhetoric.byu.edu/Persuasive%20Appeals/Ethos.htm
• Zarefsky, David. Public Speaking: Strategies for Success. (PSU Custom edition). Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 2004.

COMMENTS:

YB - You had great interaction with the audience, and your introduction really grabbed my attention. You also did a great job of explaining ethos and pathos, and your visual aid helped me focus on your topic as a whole. Good job!

Caitlin Leahy- You had great points and your ideas seemed well researched. You made good eye contact and you had a great conversational tone. I would watch your verbal fillers and maybe also watch your hand gestures because sometimes you played with your hair and it was a little distracting. You did a great job using your visual aid and you really related to the audience well. Great job!

Alex Franklin: I really enjoyed your speech. Your attention getter was really funny and I like how you demanded the audiences attention by getting us all involved in your speech. The only thing I'd say is sometimes you'd get ahead of yourself and forget your place. Whenever you slowed yourself down, however, you got yourself right back on track. good job!!

OUTLINE
I. Introduction
A. Attention Getter: Over 18 million women in the United States currently take
birth control pills and 90% of Americans have used a form of birth control at
one point in their life, according to the Johns Hopkins school of Publict
Health.
B. Background: However, birth control was not always readily available. During
the early 20th century, otherwise known as the progressive era, women had few
options of birth control aside from abstinence. For those of you unaware, the
progressive era was a time in America from 1890-1920 when millions of Americans
joined together to change the problems plaguing America such as
industrialization, urbanization, and immigration, according to Dr. Muncy of the
University of Maryland. Margaret Sanger was at the center of the birth control
movement during this time, having given a famous speech entitled “The
Morality of Birth Control” in 1921.
C. Credibility: I have been researching this speech and have come to many
conclusions revolving around the necessity of a speech on birth control at this
time, the people whom attended this speech, and what limitations Sanger faced
in her plight for sexual freedom for women.
D. In doing so, I have stumbled upon a better understanding and appreciation
for the struggle for women’s liberation in sexual decisions and family life
and hope to shed light on the subject for those of you in attendance.
Naturally, in a time of change, Sanger faced much opposition in her quest to
develop public birth control methods.

II. One of the largest constraints Sanger faced was the Comstock Law. This was
passed in 1873 and outlawed the mailing of obscene, lewd, indecent, or filthy
materials. More specifically, a section of the Comstock laws outlaws the use
of the US postal service to dispense birth control materials, according to a
university of Virginia website on censorship.
A. Along with the Comstock Law, Sanger was greatly censored by the Catholic
church. They shut down Sanger’s speeches, prohibited contraception, and set
up lobbyist groups to speak against Sanger and her ideas on the morality of
birth control (Galvin)
B. Sanger was imprisoned 8 times throughout her plight and was constantly being
brought down by laws, religious affiliates, and general opposition.
C. In fact, on the day when Sanger was intended to deliver her, “Morality of
Birth Control” Speech, NY policemen closed the building and arrested Sanger.
This arrest was planned by Archbishop Patrick Hayes (Galvin). This opposition
however only brought advertising for Sanger as we will discuss while examining
Sanger’s audience.
III. She is quoted as having said, “I would tell the world what was going on
in the lives of these poor women. I would be heard. No matter what it should
cost. I would be heard.” So, who exactly listened?
A. Well, after the police closed down the town hall in which Sanger was
intended to speak, an uproar occurred in the public and 3,000 people had to be
turned away from her next speech because of limited space in the hall. Those
in attendance included speech activists, the media, and the American Civil
Liberties union (Galvin)
B. Sanger was also heard on a more general level, not specifically focusing on
the Morality of Birth Control speech, but in her whole plight in general, by
socialists, lobbyists, eugenicists, theologians, and feminists.
Many may wonder why Sanger continued to fight for birth control after being
turned away by so many opponents, let’s dissect her passion.

IV. Sanger was raised by a mother plagued with tuberculosis as a complication
of having had 18 pregnancies in just 22 years (Galvin) So, Sanger could see
first hand the hardships that too many pregnancies would take on a woman’s
body.
V. Although this experience affected her, the real turning point was when
Sanger was working as a Nurse in the lower east side of New York and worked
with a young woman who had an infection from a self-induced abortion, according
to the New York Times.

Transition: Because Margaret Sanger had such a significant personal affiliation
with the necessity of birth control, through her mother’s struggles and
seeing her patients suffering, she strove to do all she could to legalize birth
control.

Conclusion: Margaret Sanger’s speech on the Morality of Birth Control was
controversial at its time because it defied laws such as the Comstock laws and
the laws of the Catholic church. However, Sanger had a strong following of
interested folk, men as well as women. Although Sanger seems to have had
heartfelt reasons as to why she wanted to spread birth control, some have also
argued that she was interested in practicing eugenics and that possibly some of
Hitler’s genocidal views stemmed from Sanger’s teachings. We will pick
apart Sanger’s Morality of Birth control speech content in my next speech and
analyze the possibility of a eugenic underlying message. Thank you for your
time, and the next time you use a contraceptive, I hope you appreciate the
fight it took to get to you.

Bibliography

FELDT, GLORIA. "Margaret Sanger's Obscenity." The New York Times October 15
2006, sec. City Weekly Desk.

GALVIN, RACHEL. "Margaret Sanger's "Deeds of Terrible Virtue"". 1998. February
5 2008. <http://www.neh.gov/news/humanities/1998-09/sanger.html>.

MUNCY, DR. ROBERT. "Women and the Progressive Era". 1998. February 6 2008.
<http://www.nps.gov/nr//travel/pwwmh/prog.htm>.

THE RECTORS AND VISITORS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA. "Censorship:Wielding
the Red Pen". 2000. February 4 2008.
<http://www.lib.virginia.edu/small/exhibits/censored/sanger.html>.

Comments:
I'm really bad with this wiki business, and I just deleted Joe's so if I wreck yours, I'm super sorry. As for your speech, I had no idea birth control even had an interesting history. It was cool to hear about. The thing about that chick giving herself an abortion was a really good dramatic shocker type deal. And, it was funny when you said, "...a following of men and women, because men are interested in...controlling...births..." I laughed in my inside the head voice. Great speech.- Nate Scarbrough

Quan,Zou:Your speech was great and all your points focus well enough on your statement-birth control. Your delivery with the audience is really impressive. Looking forward to your next speech!

Joe Belack: Your intro was a little on the quick side. The topic was a good one for the audience. Your eye contact could have been better. The citations in the speech were nice, and the outfit was a nice touch as well. Overall nice job!

Maria Martin: You really did a good job with your speech; you were well-spoken and generally seemed excited/passionate (maybe that's the wrong word but you get what I mean) about the topic, which really made a difference to the audience listening to you. It made it more interesting. You said um a few times and used your hands while you spoke, but so do I because I'm Italian and it's what we do. Great speech.

Scot Brown: C'mon Maria, using your hands when you talk isn't a bad thing. Anyway, my main critique is that the concept of eugenics was mentioned, but it wasn't really elaborated upon. If you are going to focus your rhetorical critique of the next speech on it, it would help to give the audience some background in the subject. Also, and this is the feminist in me speaking, you somewhat mentioned men and their relation to birth control, but this could use some more discussion as well. I don't know if you are going to get into this in your next speech, but I would spend some time discussing how pregnancy can be used as a tool of oppression by men, against women, and restriction of birth control as a means towards that end.

YB Dong: I thought your speech was terrific. You had great eye contact, voice projection, and you're attention grabber was very effective. You made great transitions and you also had a great decisive closing.

Nate Scarbrough- Your speech was really funny and entertaining, but also got across all the information you needed to. I noted on my paper as i listened to your speech to complement your introduction, then the body, then the conclusion...so great job overall.

John Galvin- Sarah, I really liked your speech. You managed to talk about a very serious subject without making the room tense. The speech you chose to analyze was very interesting as well, with a spin on birth control that i've never thought aabout. You analyzed it very well, so congrats on a good speech.

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